The World of Polar Bears

References and Bibliography / Books

References and Bibliography

  • Derocher, A.E. and I. Stirling. “Observations of aggregating behaviour in adult male polar bears (Ursus maritimus).” Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 1990, pp. 1390-1394
  • Dalziel, Ian W.D. “Arctic.” The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1994
  • Domico, Terry. Bears of the World. New York: Facts On File, 1988
  • Harington, Richard C. Denning Habits of the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps). Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series Number 5, 1968
  • Lyman, C. P., et al. “Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds.” New York: Academic Press, 1982
  • Macdonald, David W., ed. “Encyclopedia of Mammals”. New York: Facts on File Publications, Inc., 1987
  • Nowak, Ronald M., ed. Walker’s Mammals of the World. 5th edition. Volume 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991
  • Parker, Sybil P., ed. Grzimek’s Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 3. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 1990
  • Sage, Bryan. The Arctic and its Wildlife. New York: Facts On File Publications, Inc., 1986
  • Stirling, Ian, and P.B. Latour. “Comparative hunting abilities of polar bear cubs of different ages.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 56, 1978, pp. 1768-1772
  • Stirling, Ian. Polar Bears. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988
  • Stirling Ian, et al. “Habitat preferences of polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic in late winter and spring.” Polar Record 29 (168), 1993, pp. 13-24
  • Thurman, Harold V. “Arctic Ocean.”he World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1994
  • Wiig, Oystein. “Polar Bear Specialist Group.” Species 21-22, December 1993-June 1994, pp. 83-84

Books for Young Readers

  • Biel, Timothy Levi. Zoobooks 2. Polar Bears. Wildlife Education, Ltd., 1985
  • DeBeer, Hans. Little Polar Bear. New York: North-South Books, 1987 (fiction)
  • Helgeland, Glenn, ed. Arctic Animals. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1979
  • Larson, Thor and Sybille Kalas. The Polar Bear Family Book. Saxonville, Massachusetts: Picture Book Studio, 1990
  • Matthews, Downs. Polar Bear Cubs. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1989
  • Pfeffer, Pierre. Bears, Big and Little. Ossinging, New York: Young Discovery Library, Malboro Books, 1989
  • Rosenthal, Mark. Bears. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1983
  • Stirling, Ian. Bears. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books for Children, 1992
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Conservation

A. First International Scientific Meeting on the Polar Bear, 1965 Growing public concern about polar bear hunting and other human activities in the Arctic, such as oil exploration, led to the First International Scientific Meeting ...

Longevity and Cases of Death

A. Longevity Polar bears can live 20 to 30 years, but only a small proportion of polar bears live past 15 to 18 years (Stirling, 1988). The oldest known polar bear in the Arctic lived 32 years. The oldest known polar bear in a zoo ...

Communication

A. Vocalizations Adult polar bears vocalize most when they’re agitated or threatened. Sounds include hissing, growling, champing of teeth, and soft chuffing. Cubs vocalize more often and for diverse reasons. Sounds include h ...